#111704 - biolizard89 - Sat Dec 09, 2006 5:45 am
I see this in the FAQ:
| Quote: |
Q: How do I put large (> 16 KB) arrays into a program without it crashing?
The linker script included with devkitARM puts arrays and other variables into IWRAM unless you tell it otherwise. Trouble is IWRAM is only 32 KiB. For arrays that you don't plan to modify, use the keyword const, which will instruct the linker to put the entire array into ROM (or EWRAM for .mb programs). For arrays that you do plan to modify, put them into EWRAM using a section attribute on the array's definition:
* __attribute__((section (".sbss"))) char foo[8192];
Puts the variable in EWRAM and initializes it to zero at program start. (Initializer values are ignored.)
* __attribute__((section (".ewram"))) char foo[8192] = {3, 4, /*... */ };
Puts the variable in EWRAM and initializes it to the given values at program start. (This uses space in the binary even if initializer values are not given.) |
I've been working with a program which does use the const keyword on some arrays (6 Direct Sound recordings which total 230KiB compiled), but it crashes when the arrays are compiled in. When the arrays are replaced with a single 4-byte array, the program works perfectly. Thing is, I'm using an old version of DevKitAdv (older than Aug 2004). Do old versions of DevKitAdv not recognize the const keyword the same way as current versions of DevKitARM?
Thanks in advance.
#111714 - tepples - Sat Dec 09, 2006 10:04 am
The first GBA port of TOD (developed in 2002) was done on DevKit Advance, and it seemed to do the right thing with the const qualifier back then.
When you run arm-agb-elf-nm -n mygame.elf (in modern devkit replace arm-agb-elf- with arm-eabi-), what addresses does it give for the sound? And is it really a size issue or just an alignment issue? And are you using C or assembly language to "compile in" the arrays?
_________________
-- Where is he?
-- Who?
-- You know, the human.
-- I think he moved to Tilwick.
#111727 - gmiller - Sat Dec 09, 2006 3:11 pm
I generally produce a map file to see where everything is loaded. It can be informative. I was surprised to see the use of the different memory regions.
| Code: |
Archive member included because of file (symbol)
c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1\libgcc.a(_call_via_rX.o)
c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib/gba_crt0.o (_call_via_r3)
c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a(init.o)
c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib/gba_crt0.o (__libc_init_array)
c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a(rand.o)
main.o (rand)
c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a(impure.o)
c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a(rand.o) (_impure_ptr)
c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libsysbase.a(malloc_vars.o)
c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib/gba_crt0.o (fake_heap_end)
Memory Configuration
Name Origin Length Attributes
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ewram 0x02000000 0x00040000
*default* 0x00000000 0xffffffff
Linker script and memory map
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*(.stab.exclstr)
.stab.index
*(.stab.index)
.stab.indexstr
*(.stab.indexstr)
.comment 0x00000000 0x150
*(.comment)
.comment 0x00000000 0x2a c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtbegin.o
.comment 0x0000002a 0x2a bg.raw.o
.comment 0x00000054 0x2a main.o
.comment 0x0000007e 0x2a c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a(init.o)
.comment 0x000000a8 0x2a c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a(rand.o)
.comment 0x000000d2 0x2a c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a(impure.o)
.comment 0x000000fc 0x2a c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libsysbase.a(malloc_vars.o)
.comment 0x00000126 0x2a c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtend.o
.debug
*(.debug)
.line
*(.line)
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*(.debug_srcinfo)
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*(.debug_sfnames)
.debug_aranges 0x00000000 0x50
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0x00000000 0x28 c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crti.o
.debug_aranges
0x00000028 0x28 c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtn.o
.debug_pubnames
*(.debug_pubnames)
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.debug_info 0x00000000 0x5b c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crti.o
.debug_info 0x0000005b 0x5b c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtn.o
.debug_abbrev 0x00000000 0x20
*(.debug_abbrev)
.debug_abbrev 0x00000000 0x10 c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crti.o
.debug_abbrev 0x00000010 0x10 c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtn.o
.debug_line 0x00000000 0x92
*(.debug_line)
.debug_line 0x00000000 0x49 c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crti.o
.debug_line 0x00000049 0x49 c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtn.o
.debug_frame
*(.debug_frame)
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*(.debug_str)
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*(.debug_loc)
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*(.debug_macinfo)
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*(.debug_typenames)
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*(.debug_varnames)
.stack 0x00080000 0x0
0x00080000 _stack = .
*(.stack)
.note.gnu.arm.ident
*(.note.gnu.arm.ident)
.ARM.attributes
0x00000000 0x10
*(.ARM.attributes)
.ARM.attributes
0x00000000 0x20 c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib/gba_crt0.o
.ARM.attributes
0x00000020 0x1e c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crti.o
.ARM.attributes
0x0000003e 0x1e c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtbegin.o
.ARM.attributes
0x0000005c 0x1e bg.raw.o
.ARM.attributes
0x0000007a 0x1e main.o
.ARM.attributes
0x00000098 0x1e c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1\libgcc.a(_call_via_rX.o)
.ARM.attributes
0x000000b6 0x1e c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a(init.o)
.ARM.attributes
0x000000d4 0x1e c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a(rand.o)
.ARM.attributes
0x000000f2 0x1c c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a(impure.o)
.ARM.attributes
0x0000010e 0x1c c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libsysbase.a(malloc_vars.o)
.ARM.attributes
0x0000012a 0x1c c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtend.o
.ARM.attributes
0x00000146 0x1e c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtn.o
/DISCARD/
*(.note.GNU-stack)
LOAD c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib/gba_crt0.o
LOAD c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crti.o
LOAD c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtbegin.o
LOAD bg.raw.o
LOAD main.o
LOAD c:/devkitPro/libgba/lib\libgba.a
START GROUP
LOAD c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1\libgcc.a
LOAD c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a
END GROUP
START GROUP
LOAD c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libsysbase.a
LOAD c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/../../../../arm-eabi/lib\libc.a
END GROUP
LOAD c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtend.o
LOAD c:/devkitpro/devkitarm/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.1.1/crtn.o
OUTPUT(c:/cygwin/home/gmiller/ham/Sources/Chapter07/BounceSprite/BounceSprite.elf elf32-littlearm)
|
#111741 - biolizard89 - Sat Dec 09, 2006 7:01 pm
| tepples wrote: |
The first GBA port of TOD (developed in 2002) was done on DevKit Advance, and it seemed to do the right thing with the const qualifier back then.
When you run arm-agb-elf-nm -n mygame.elf (in modern devkit replace arm-agb-elf- with arm-eabi-), what addresses does it give for the sound? And is it really a size issue or just an alignment issue? And are you using C or assembly language to "compile in" the arrays? |
The arrays are in C, and I doubt that it's an alignment issue, because the files containing the arrays were taken verbatim from another program which works. Haven't tried the arm-agb-elf-nm thing, because I just realized that the program does work fine with the 230KiB arrays compiled in, as long as a bunch of the other conditionally compiled program features are disabled, which reduces the file size of the program significantly. So I now think that it's the total file size of the program (592KiB with the sounds [doesn't work], 362KiB without the sounds [works], 386KiB with the sounds but with the three aforementioned features disabled [works]) that is causing problems. I'm using a Charmed Labs Xport Botball Controller (robotics controller which uses a GBA for processing purposes), along with official Charmed Labs libraries, so I guess my next step is to ask the guys at Charmed Labs whether a large program size is known to screw things up. Thanks for the help.
#111756 - tepples - Sat Dec 09, 2006 9:48 pm
I'd still like to see relevant lines from nm so as to know whether you are 1. misaligning something, 2. overrunning IWRAM, or 3. overrunning EWRAM.
_________________
-- Where is he?
-- Who?
-- You know, the human.
-- I think he moved to Tilwick.
#112122 - biolizard89 - Wed Dec 13, 2006 1:57 pm
| tepples wrote: |
| I'd still like to see relevant lines from nm so as to know whether you are 1. misaligning something, 2. overrunning IWRAM, or 3. overrunning EWRAM. |
Sorry for the delay, the results of nm are uploaded at http://staff.littlemoonproductions.com/biolizard89/interactive_c/arm-agb-elf-nm_firmware_toobig.txt
The sound files are named ahh, blue, hokey, muchacha, ouch, and prado.
Any ideas?
#115556 - biolizard89 - Wed Jan 17, 2007 3:35 am
Sorry to bump, but does the fact that no one has replied here indicate that the nm output I posted doesn't help?
Anyone have any clue what could be wrong? Any more questions about what I'm doing, feel free to ask.
Thanks, and sorry for the bump.
#115557 - tepples - Wed Jan 17, 2007 3:46 am
What the heck? I've always seen this set to 08000000, the start of cart space. Are you trying to use a custom link script to build a multi-game compilation with a 128 KiB start point for this ROM?
All six symbols that you named seem to be aligned correctly. Are you running out of stack?
_________________
-- Where is he?
-- Who?
-- You know, the human.
-- I think he moved to Tilwick.
#115600 - biolizard89 - Wed Jan 17, 2007 7:09 pm
| tepples wrote: |
What the heck? I've always seen this set to 08000000, the start of cart space. Are you trying to use a custom link script to build a multi-game compilation with a 128 KiB start point for this ROM?
All six symbols that you named seem to be aligned correctly. Are you running out of stack? |
Now that you mention it, I remember that the program is loaded onto the XBC through a bootloader. The bootloader starts at 08000000, and starts my program at 08020000. That would explain the weird start address.
I have noticed another weird characteristic of my problem. Regardless of the file size of my program, it boots fine at first. My program receives a compiled P-code program over the XBC's RS232 port and stores it in the XBC's flash. When my program's file size is too big, it seems to be overwriting the P-code program stored in flash when I send my program to the XBC through the bootloader (because it reports that there is no program there, when I know for a fact that there was). It then works fine until I reload the P-code program onto it, after which my program refuses to boot (crashing at a different stage of booting depending on things that I'm not completely sure of - seems to include the file size of my program as well as the P-code program that was sent to it).
This makes me suspect that the problem is that the location in flash of the P-code program is hardcoded, and when the P-code program is loaded, it is corrupting the data in my program. I might be able to fix this by changing the location of the stored P-code program in flash. Problem is, most of this program wasn't written by me (it was written mostly by the Charmed Labs / KISS Institute for Practical Robotics people), so I'm not 100% sure what will happen if I try to reconfigure those locations. Looks like I'll have to contact Charmed Labs or KIPR again.
(Do my conclusions as to what the problem might be sound somewhat logical? I don't want to try to figure this out if it's probably not the main problem anyway.)
Thanks for the help.
EDIT: I looked through the code from Charmed Labs / KIPR and noticed a #define called IC_FLASH_ADDR. It was set to 0x08080000. This would correspond to the size limit I was encountering (0x08080000 - 0x08020000 = 0x60000, which would be 384KiB). I just tried setting that #define to 0x08150000, which would yield a limit of 1216KiB, and, amazingly, it worked without any other modifications! Now I can load huge binaries onto my XBC, with the serial transfer of P-code programs working fine. Problem (apparently) solved! Thanks again for the helpful comments.